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Nov 1977

Volume 14, Issue 6, pp. 1243-1320


Space Shuttle−A personal view

Hans Mark

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1243 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569356 (7 pages)

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The history of the Space Shuttle is reviewed and its principal features and uses are summarized. A personal viewpoint is adopted through several anaswers to the question: ’’What experiments would I do as a Space Shuttle passenger–user?’’
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94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere

Abstract: Operational features of the Shuttle

H. Eugene McCoy

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1250 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569357 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere

Abstract: Manned experiments in space

Owen K. Garriott

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1250 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569358 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components (satellites, space vehicles, etc.)

Space Shuttle’s orbital environment

F. C. Witteborn and J. P. Simpson

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1251 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569359 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere
07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components (satellites, space vehicles, etc.)

Spacelab and material processing facilities and experiments

G. Seibert

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1252 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569360 (6 pages)

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Abstract Unavailable
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07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components (satellites, space vehicles, etc.)
81.90.+c Other topics in materials science (restricted to new topics in section 81)

Long Duration Exposure Facility−A unique mode of Shuttle utilization

William H. Kinard

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1258 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569361 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

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The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) is a Shuttle‐transported, reusable, essentially passive facility with accommodations for a wide variety of experiments which require a free‐flying carrier for exposure in space. Specifically, the LDEF is tailored to provide low‐cost accomodations for experiments which have modest requirements for electrical power and data systems, and for experiments which benefit from postflight laboratory investigations with the retrieved experiment hardware. Each experiment for LDEF will be totally self‐contained in a tray. As the interface with the facility has been minimized, the LDEF experimenters will be freed from many of the requirements which have complicated development of space experiments in the past.
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07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components (satellites, space vehicles, etc.)

Materials processing in Spacelab

H. Weiss

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1263 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569362 (6 pages)

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Abstract Unavailable
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07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components (satellites, space vehicles, etc.)
81.90.+c Other topics in materials science (restricted to new topics in section 81)

Orbiting molecular‐beam laboratory

R. A. Outlaw and F. J. Brock

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1269 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569363 (7 pages)

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The composition of the atmosphere within the planned orbital envelope of the Space Shuttle (200–1000 km) and the velocity necessary to maintain a stable orbit within that envelope (∠8 km s−1) provide unique conditions for forming a high‐purity, moderate energy beam (∠5 eV) of atomic oxygen. At 500 km for example, atomic oxygen comprises approximately 90% of the atmosphere with the remaining 10% being primarily helium. Since the mean thermal speed of the ambient atomic oxygen is substantially less than the orbital speed, a high‐purity beam can be generated by sweeping through the gas with a series of beam‐forming truncated conical shells. Further, molecular shielding provides a low‐density background inside the conical shells (∠103 cm−3) within which the beam is formed. The characteristics of the beam, including energy distribution, flux, and purity variation with orbital altitude and methods for lowering the mean energy, are presented. The approach to forming the beam, the planned apparatus, modes of deployment (attached to the Shuttle or as a free flyer), operational capabilities, measurement capabilities, and attitude control requirements, are also discussed. Finally, a number of gas–surface interaction experiments that have been proposed for this laboratory are discussed.
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94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere

Utilization of the vacuum developed in the wake zone of space vehicles in the LDEF class

W. A. Oran and R. J. Naumann

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1276 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569364 (3 pages)

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Abstract Unavailable
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94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere
47.45.-n Rarefied gas dynamics

Methods of improving vacuum in space

J. P. Hobson

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1279 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569365 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

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Abstract Unavailable
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07.30.Hd Vacuum testing methods; leak detectors
94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere

Abstract: Use of ion beams in space

James W. Mayer, R. Philip Kullen, Marc A. Nicolet, and Kenneth H. Purser

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1281 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569366 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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95.55.-n Astronomical and space-research instrumentation

Abstract: Molecular‐beam interactions with surfaces

Robert P. Merrill and Robert J. Madix

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1282 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569367 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces
94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere

Molecular‐beam epitaxy in space

J. R. Arthur

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1283 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569368 (2 pages)

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Abstract Unavailable
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94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology

Semiconductor surface physics research in the Space Shuttle orbit

I. Lindau and W. E. Spicer

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1285 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569369 (3 pages)

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The prospects for surface physics research on semiconductors with the Space Shuttle are summarized. The effect of residual gases and solar radiation outside the Shuttle on the semiconductor‐surface electronic properties are assessed.
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94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere
73.90.+f Other topics in electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures (Restricted to new topics in section 73)

Abstract: Analytical applications of Auger and XPS (ESCA) in space exploration

W. M. Riggs

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1288 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569370 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components (satellites, space vehicles, etc.)
81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis

Materials processing in space

J. W. Patten

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1289 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569371 (3 pages)

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Fluid flow phenomena in high‐melting‐point‐materials systems are promising areas for future space processing experiments. The influence of the absence of gravity on the structure of these materials during a liquid‐phase or partially liquid‐phase processing history includes the most significant processing phenomena. Specifically, density differences due to nucleation of solids on freezing, thermal gradients, composition gradients, and other effects produce fluid flow in liquid systems subjected to a gravitational field. The absence of gravity should result in much less flow with attendant structural differences on solidification. However, zero‐gravity segregation in two‐phase structures (l+l, l+s, or l+g) does not proceed in the manner usually predicted. In addition, more fluid flow than expected often influences other phenomena of interest, such as dendrite growth and solidification‐front behavior. Considerable attention should be devoted to improving understanding of fluid flow behavior in solidifying materials systems that are not influenced by gravitational field.
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07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components (satellites, space vehicles, etc.)
81.90.+c Other topics in materials science (restricted to new topics in section 81)

Electron‐beam microzone refining of narrow band‐gap semiconducting alloy layers

H. H. Wieder

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1292 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569372 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

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Electron‐beam‐induced crystallization, growth, and purification by zone refining from the liquid phase of 1‐μm‐thick, narrow band‐gap semiconducting alloys, eutectics, and semimetal layers require a high‐vacuum noncontaminating environment. Experiments are proposed for investigating the process control parameters as a function of the energy density of electron beams, the solid–liquid interface geometry, thermal gradients, and propagation rates.
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81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining

Abstract: Organic thin films

Eric Kay

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1294 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569373 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
82.35.-x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization
75.20.Ck Nonmetals

Symposium review and summary

William D. Westwood

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1295 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569374 (3 pages)

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Abstract Unavailable
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94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere

Apparatus for the detection of small numbers of desorbing inert gas atoms

E. V. Kornelsen and D. L. Blair

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1299 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569375 (4 pages)

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An ultrahigh vacuum apparatus is described which is suitable for the detection of inert gases thermally desorbing from a solid following ion implantation. Using a sensitive mass spectrometer as a detector and a desorption volume of 2.27 l, it was found possible to detect the desorption of 1–2×107 helium atoms over a period of a few seconds. This is in good agreement with a theoretical expression derived for the minimum number of desorbed atoms detectable in terms of the system parameters and the shot noise on the detector ion current. Some experimental desorption spectra are given to demonstrate the capabilities of the apparatus.
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07.30.Hd Vacuum testing methods; leak detectors
68.03.Fg Evaporation and condensation of liquids
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
07.75.+h Mass spectrometers

Self‐consistent background gas density calculation in a multichambered neutral beam line

Raynard A. Jong

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1303 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569376 (4 pages)

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A model for calculating the self‐consistent background gas density in a multichamber beam‐line system is described. This model is applied to the design of the experiment chamber/beam‐line vacuum system for the laser‐initiated target experiment at the United Technologies Research Center.
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47.45.Dt Free molecular flows
07.30.-t Vacuum apparatus
52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects

Anomalous behavior of Meissner coils in high‐vacuum applications

J. F. Siebert and M. Omori

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1307 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569377 (3 pages)

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The performance of different configurations of a Meissner liquid nitrogen trap operating in the main chamber of a high‐vacuum system have been measured. Temperature fluctuations of the cryosurface and corresponding fluctuations in the chamber pressure were monitored for a variety of different chamber base pressures and liquid nitrogen flow conditions. Large fluctuations in the chamber pressure, observed with a high flow resistance, and low heat capacity configuration, clearly illustrate the importance of the thermal stability of the cryosurface in the presence of a condensible gas, such as CO2, that has a vapor pressure at liquid nitrogen temperature comparable to the system base pressure. These experiments indicate that a Meissner trap placed in the main chamber of a conventional 10−6 Torr vacuum system will be fully effective only if designed and operated so that the cryosurface is thermally stable to better than 0.1 K. The design, operation, and performance of such a configuration are presented.
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07.30.Hd Vacuum testing methods; leak detectors
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics

Scanning electron stimulated desorption (SESD): A complimentary tool for surface analysis

A. Joshi and L. E. Davis

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1310 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569378 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

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Abstract Unavailable
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68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including SIMS, multiphoton ionization and resonance ionization mass spectrometry, MALDI)
81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces

Improvements in a dc reactive sputtering system for coating tubes

G. L. Harding

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1313 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569379 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

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Abstract Unavailable
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81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing
42.79.Wc Optical coatings
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
84.60.Ve Energy storage systems, including capacitor banks

Electron‐beam decomposition of UF4 optical interference layers

Walton P. Ellis

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1316 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569380 (2 pages)

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A striking example of electron‐beam damage has been observed in a LEED/Auger system with optical interference films of UF4 on single crystalline UO2(111). A 1‐kev beam decomposed the UF4 leaving a well‐defined ring of metal which displayed detailed spatial distribution of the incident flux. Flourine was absent from the Auger spectrum and only uranium peaks characteristic of unreacted metal were obtained.
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61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
78.66.-w Optical properties of specific thin films
78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
82.50.-m Photochemistry

Glass layer evaporation

K. C. Park and E. J. Weitzman

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1318 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569381 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

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Abstract Unavailable
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81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
81.40.Tv Optical and dielectric properties related to treatment conditions
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

Inexpensive rotary/push–pull vacuum feedthrough

Martin A. Hutchinson

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14, 1320 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.569382 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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07.30.Kf Vacuum chambers, auxiliary apparatus, and materials
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